初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)大全
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié):定語(yǔ)從句
1. 主要包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句. 一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起.
2. 主語(yǔ)從句很多情況下都可以放到句子后面,而用代詞it作形式上的主語(yǔ). :
3. 形式賓語(yǔ)
4. 由名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的賓語(yǔ)從句
5. whether and if 都能引導(dǎo)從句, 但用法有所不同. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句直接位于句首時(shí),應(yīng)用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能.
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6. 在名詞reason后的表語(yǔ)從句必須用that引導(dǎo), 不可誤用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.
二: 定語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定語(yǔ)從句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個(gè)句子, 多用which.
2. 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞, 或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時(shí),從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.
3. as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 多和such, the same 連用. As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子, 既可放在先行詞后,也可放在句子開(kāi)頭.
4. 介詞+which/whom/whose從句
5. 代/名+介詞+which 從句
6. 同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句
三、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。
四、定語(yǔ)從句的分類
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
五、關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))
注意:(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。
(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?
f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。
c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。
(2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如:
This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié):賓語(yǔ)從句
為了提高同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)效率,中國(guó)教育在線整理了初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之賓語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句是初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。下面為大家詳細(xì)講解一下。
一、概述
賓語(yǔ)從句是主從復(fù)合句的一種。主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的。
主句是復(fù)合句的主體,從句僅僅是主句的一個(gè)成分,它從屬于主句,不能獨(dú)立。從句在全句中充當(dāng)什么成分,就叫什么從句。賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的從句在全句中作賓語(yǔ)。
簡(jiǎn)單句She knew the teacher(賓語(yǔ))復(fù)合句 She knew that the teacher had seen the film.(賓從)
二、賓語(yǔ)從句
1.語(yǔ)序
無(wú)論主句是陳述句還是疑問(wèn)句,賓語(yǔ)從句都必須使用陳述語(yǔ)序,即“主句+連詞+賓語(yǔ)從句(主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+……)”句式。根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的不同成分,可分為以下四種:
1)連接詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有: who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告訴我誰(shuí)知道答案嗎?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西.
I don't know which belongs to my father.
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問(wèn)我們班上誰(shuí)的書法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老師問(wèn)我們房間里有多少人。
3)連接詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:who(m),what,which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分)。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他還沒(méi)決定是否去無(wú)錫旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢嗎?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。連接詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪個(gè)班嗎?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問(wèn)我是否知道這是誰(shuí)的鋼筆。
2.連接詞
1)當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用that引導(dǎo),that無(wú)詞義,在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略。如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說(shuō)他會(huì)在晚飯前完成工作。
2)當(dāng)由一般疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用if或whether引導(dǎo),意為“是否”。如:
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.
但在下列情況下只能用whether:
?、?在具有選擇意義,又有or或or not時(shí),尤其是直接與or not連用時(shí),往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)
I don't know whether/if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.
?、?在介詞之后用whether。如:
I'm interested in whether he likes English.我關(guān)心的是他是否喜歡英語(yǔ)。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。
?、?在不定式前用whether。如:
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他還未決定是乘公共汽車去還是坐火車去。
④ whether置于句首時(shí),不能換用if。如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.這是否真的我說(shuō)不上來(lái)。
?、菀龑?dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)宜用whether。如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能來(lái)還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.問(wèn)題是我們能否趕上公共汽車。
?、?若用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí),則用whether。如:
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解為:a. Please let me know whether you like the book.請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡這本書。B. If you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜歡這本書,請(qǐng)告訴我。
3)如果賓語(yǔ)從句原來(lái)是特殊疑問(wèn)句,只需用原來(lái)的特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。如:
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?
3.時(shí)態(tài)
含賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句,主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)應(yīng)包括以下三點(diǎn)內(nèi)容:
1)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要,選用相應(yīng)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時(shí)回來(lái)。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來(lái)了。
2)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只可根據(jù)需要,選用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)即一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)的某一種形式。如:
①The children didn't know who he was.孩子們不知道他是誰(shuí)。
?、贖e asked his father how it happened.他問(wèn)他父親這件事是如何發(fā)生的。
3)如果賓語(yǔ)從句所表示的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作等,不管主句用什么時(shí)態(tài),從句時(shí)態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
4.注意:
if和when既可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)注意它們?cè)趦煞N從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),分別意為“是否”和“何時(shí)”,其時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和主句時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng);它們引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意思分別為“如果,假如”和“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”,當(dāng)主句時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。它們常常放在含有狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句的題干中進(jìn)行綜合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時(shí)候回來(lái)嗎?
—Sorry, I don't know. When he comes back, I'll tell you. 對(duì)不起,不知道。當(dāng)他回來(lái)了,我將告訴你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會(huì)來(lái)。
—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他會(huì)來(lái)的。
★賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)化為簡(jiǎn)單句(六種方法),使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。
方法一:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise(和主觀決定有關(guān))等,且賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是know, learn, remember, forget, tell(和記憶認(rèn)知有關(guān))等動(dòng)詞,且主句主語(yǔ)與從句主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
注:當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是tell, ask, show, teach等動(dòng)詞,且后帶雙賓語(yǔ),從句主語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是order(命令),require(需要)等時(shí),如果主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不一致,賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四:某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,可以用介詞加動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))等其他形式簡(jiǎn)化。例如:
He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五:某些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語(yǔ)+V-ing形式(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:動(dòng)詞seem后的賓語(yǔ)從句,也可以用不定式(短語(yǔ))來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化,但句型需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?。例如:It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy
看過(guò)“初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié) ”
