初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)全總結(jié)：連詞

　　連詞是一種虛詞，它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。

　　第一類表示并列關(guān)系的連詞

　　并列連詞：并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。

　　1)　and 和

　　判斷改錯(cuò)：

　　(錯(cuò)) They sat down and talk about something.

　　(錯(cuò)) They started to dance and sang.

　　(錯(cuò)) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

　　(對(duì)) They sat down and talked about something.

　　(對(duì)) They started to dance and sing.

　　(對(duì))I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

　　解析：

　　第一句： and 連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。

　　第二句：and 連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式，第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。

　　第三句：and 連接感觀動(dòng)詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個(gè)并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。

　　注意：1. and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。(or也有此用法)

　　Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

　　= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

　　One more effort, and you'll succeed.

　　= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed

　　2, A and B 當(dāng)表示整體或者指同一人時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 當(dāng)and連接的單數(shù)名詞前分別有each，every，many等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)也用單數(shù)。

　　bread and butter a knife and fork

　　The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.

　　No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class.

　　3. and連接的是兩個(gè)相同意思的詞，表示“漸漸”，或加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣

　　Read it again and again

　　2)　both …and　兩者都

　　She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

　　3) neither…nor 意思為"既不……也不……"謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。

　　Neither you nor he is to blame.

　　4)　not only…but (also)不但······而且······

　　She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

　　注意： not only… but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，一個(gè)分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。

　　Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

　　5) as well as 以及，也，與···同樣

　　The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.

　　比較and和or

　　1) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。

　　2) 但有時(shí)and 也可用于否定句。請(qǐng)注意其不同特點(diǎn)：

　　There is no air or water in the moon.

　　There is no air and no water on the moon.

　　在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個(gè)否定詞的句子實(shí)際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。

　　第二類表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞

　　1) or　意思為"或則"。

　　Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?

　　2) either…or　意思為"或者……或者 ……"。注意謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用就近原則。

　　Either you or I am right.

　　3) or else/ otherwise 否則

　　Be silent, or else you will be kicked out.

　　I am tired, otherwise, I would play.

　　第三類表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連詞

　　1) but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.

　　while 然而，表示對(duì)比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them.

　　yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.

　　however 然而，可是，不過(guò) She does not like him, however, I like him.

　　2) not…but… 意思為"不是 ……而是……"

　　not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。

　　They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

　　第四類表因果關(guān)系的連詞

　　1) for 因?yàn)椋霾⒘羞B詞使用時(shí)，是在對(duì)先行的句子補(bǔ)述原因或者理由，只可以連接句子與句子，通常不置于句首。

　　He is absent today, for he is ill.

　　2) so, therefore 因此

　　He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

　　I think, therefore I am

　　3)then 那么，因而

　　Hide behind the wall, then they won’t see you.

　　注意：

　　a. 兩個(gè)并列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。

　　You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

　　He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

　　b. although… yet…，但although不與 but連用。

　　(錯(cuò))　Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

　　(對(duì))　Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

　　從屬連詞

　　從屬連詞不同與并列連詞，只能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，而不能引導(dǎo)詞或者詞組。從屬連詞一般可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　第一類引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞

　　1) that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不可以省略。

　　He said (that) he would come. 賓語(yǔ)從句

　　His mother told me (that) he is a good boy. 間接引語(yǔ)

　　That she is still alive is true. 主語(yǔ)從句

　　2) if/whether 是否

　　I wonder if he is at home.

　　I ask him whether he would come.

　　注意：只可以用whether的情況

　　介詞后面 It will depend on whether it rains tomorrow.

　　whether···or not 固定搭配 Let me know whether you come or not.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式前 I don’t know whether to accept his advice.

　　第二類引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　1) 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　before 在···之前 The war had been over before he came to China.

　　after 在···之后 He came to China after the war was over.

　　since 自從 I have lived in this city since I was born.

　　when/while 當(dāng)··· The teacher entered the classroom, when all the students were playing

　　When I came into this room, I found him lying bed asleep (while后接的動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞)

　　as 當(dāng)··· I saw her as I was getting on the bus.

　　till/until 直到 I didn’t go to sleep until/till I finished my homework.

　　as soon as 一···就··· As soon as he saw the policeman, the thief run away.

　　2) 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　where 在哪里 There were lots of parks where I lived.

　　3) 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　because 原因,用于解釋某事的原因，動(dòng)機(jī)，強(qiáng)調(diào)直接原因和因果關(guān)系 I do it because I like it.

　　for 表因?yàn)椋黹g接的原因，用于說(shuō)明，解釋 I soon went to sleep, for I was tired

　　since 表原因，比because弱，比as強(qiáng)，表一種已知的，顯然的理由，常譯為“既然

　　as 表原因時(shí)，意義最弱 As you are in poor health, you should do more exercises

　　4) 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　so···that··· 如此···以至于··· He is so kind that everybody likes him.

　　such···that··· He is such a kind man that everybody likes him

　　5) 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　that / so that / in order that 為了

　　Speak clearly that/so that/ in order that they may understand you.

　　6) 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　if 如果 If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic.

　　unless 除非 (如果不 ) He will come unless it rains.

　　in case 萬(wàn)一 You may call this number in case I am not at home

　　7)連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　than 比 It’s easier than I thought.

　　as/so···as···和···一樣 She is as tall as you.

　　He is not as/so tall as his wife.

　　8)連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　as 按照 Do as I told you.

　　Take things as they are.

　　as if / though 仿佛 He behaves as if/though he was a child.

　　9)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

　　although/though 盡管 Although Japan is small, the population is big.

　　even if 即便 Even if it was snowing heavily, we went on running.

　　初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)全總結(jié)：副詞

　　初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最難的是語(yǔ)法，因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法跟漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法有很大的不同。初中也要副詞用法有很多種。下面為大家講解一下初中英語(yǔ)副詞的用法。

　　副詞在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或句子。

　　初中英語(yǔ)副詞的用法：

　　⑴ 修飾動(dòng)詞，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式、頻度等。一般位于動(dòng)詞之后，如果動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)，則要位于賓語(yǔ)之后。頻度副詞常位于助動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞be 之后或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞之前。例如：He arrived only yesterday. 他是昨天才到的。There were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到處都是衣服。I have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常為你擔(dān)心。She plays the piano very well. 她鋼琴?gòu)椀煤芎谩he boy is always asking his parents for money. 那個(gè)男孩老是向他父母要錢。She never goes to the cinema. 她向來(lái)不看電影。

　　⑵ 修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)，一般前置，只有enough例外，需要后置。例如：She seems quite happy. 她看上去相當(dāng)愉快。You've done rather badly in the test. 你考得夠糟糕的。The wind was right in our faces. 風(fēng)迎面吹來(lái)。This girl is not old enough to go to school. 這個(gè)女孩還沒(méi)有到上學(xué)的年齡。He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不夠快，沒(méi)有趕上火車。

　　⑶ 用作表語(yǔ)，多為與介詞同形的副詞和表示方位的副詞。例如：Is anybody in? 里面有人嗎?有人在家嗎?Father is away. 父親離家在外。I am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住樓下，我哥哥住樓上。My friend is still abroad. 我的朋友還在國(guó)外。

　　⑷ 少數(shù)表示地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的副詞還可用作定語(yǔ)，一般位于名詞之后。例如：I hope you'll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在這里過(guò)得愉快。I met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上，我碰到一位朋友。What did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你覺(jué)得昨天的會(huì)開(kāi)得怎樣?

　　⑸ 副詞的比較等級(jí)用法與形容詞一樣。

　　初中英語(yǔ)副詞的分類

　　1、 時(shí)間和頻度副詞:

　　now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.

　　2、 地點(diǎn)副詞:

　　here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.

　　3、方式副詞:

　　carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly

　　4、 程度副詞，放在被修飾詞之前:

　　much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.

　　5、 疑問(wèn)副詞，一般放在句首：

　　how, when, where, why.

　　6、關(guān)系副詞，一般放在句首：

　　when, where, why.

　　7、連接副詞:

　　how, when, where, why, whether.

　　初中也要重點(diǎn)副詞注釋：

　　1.as…as…常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請(qǐng)你一到北京就給我寫(xiě)信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)

　　[注釋] "as long / much as + 名詞"可以表示"長(zhǎng)達(dá)/多達(dá)…"的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬(wàn)元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周。)

　　2. later、after、ago、before的用法：①"一段時(shí)間+later/ago"分別表示"(多久)以后/以前",主要用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。②"after/before+某個(gè)時(shí)刻"分別表示"在某時(shí)刻之后/之前",此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過(guò)去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過(guò)那兒?jiǎn)?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過(guò)了幾年他戒了煙。)

　　3.above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過(guò)。)

　　當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。

　　4. too、also、either、nor的用法：too("也")用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句的末尾,且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);also("也")用于肯定句句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前;either("也")用于否定句末尾,也用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi);nor("也不")用于倒裝句句首;如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國(guó)人嗎?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn't watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒(méi)有看足球賽,我也沒(méi)有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺(jué)那個(gè)市場(chǎng)很好。)

　　5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough ("足夠,十分")放在形容詞或副詞之后;too("太")、very("非常")、quite("相當(dāng)")、so("如此地")等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much("非常")放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：It's too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ I don't like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)

　　[注意] very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí);much還可以修飾疑問(wèn)句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ I don't like him much.(我不太喜歡他)

　　6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來(lái)某時(shí))用于將來(lái)時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會(huì)在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見(jiàn)見(jiàn)你的父親。)

　　7. how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對(duì)句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對(duì)人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語(yǔ))進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問(wèn)題)真難呀!)

　　8.already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒(méi)有吃早飯呢。)

　　9. hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是："努力地,猛烈地",hardly是否定詞,意思是："幾乎不",一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語(yǔ)學(xué)得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場(chǎng)所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)

　　10. like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個(gè)短語(yǔ)分別表示"非常喜歡"、"更喜歡"、"最喜歡"。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.

　　11."quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞"的用法：記住：①quite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)

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