初中英語語法知識點
初中英語語法知識點：形容詞和副詞
1、 形容詞的基本用法
形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補，有時還可作狀語。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時，謂語通常用復數形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序：
冠詞+序數詞+基數詞+性質狀態(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如：
the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 形容詞比較等級的形式
(1) 規則形式
一般說來，單音節詞及少數雙音節詞在后加-er; --est 來構成比較級和最高級;其他雙音節詞及多音節詞在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不規則形式
good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most little-less-least
(3) 形容詞比較等級的用法
?、俦硎緝烧叩谋容^，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
?、诒硎緝烧咭陨系谋容^，用"the +形容詞最高級(+名詞)+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
?、郾硎緝烧呤峭瘸潭?，用"as +形容詞原級+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
?、?越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么贊揚這個老師也不過分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我擔心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。
B.副詞
1、 副詞的種類
(1) 時間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地點副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副詞比較等級的用法
其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副詞在用法上的區別
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經發生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發生，主要用于否定句和疑問句;still表示某事還在進行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
初中英語語法知識點：介詞
1、 介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 復合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、 介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關系
(1) 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、 介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1) at, on, in
表時間
表示時間點，某一時刻/年齡用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight, at the age of等;表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或后有修飾語時如on Monday, on the end of November等。
in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節,世紀,人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時) in the morning/afternoon /evening, in spring /in 2007/in March, in the twenty-first century, in his fifties。
表地點:
1)at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置
at the station at the cinema
2)in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間里.
in China in the classroom
3)on 指在某物體的表面上.
on the desk
注意: 寫街道時,若有門牌號用at ,否則用on / in 都可.
He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.
(2) between, among(表位置)
between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關系時，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4) in the tree, on the tree
on the tree 表示 “樹上本身長的東西” 在樹上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進入樹中” 人或物在樹上.
There are some apples _____ the tree .
There is a boy ____ the tree
(5) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6) in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7) in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8) by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車
(9) 介詞in /on / to 表方位:
in表示A地在B地范圍之內.(包含關系)
Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .
on表示A,B地接壤.(外切關系)
Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .
to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.(外離關系)
Japan is _____ the east of China .
(10) after / in 在……之后
after
1)after + 時間段. 表示以過去某一時刻為起點的一段時間之后, 用于過去時.
2)after 作介詞. after doing sth
in +一段時間. 表示說話時或以現在為起點的將來一段時間之后.用于將來時.
He came back ______ two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework .
He will come back _____ two days .
(11) with / in / by 表示 “用……”
with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑. 或書寫/繪畫所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.
Can you say it _____English ?
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
注意: 同義詞組
1).by phone = on the phone
2).by car = in a car
3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
(12) across / through / over / by 經過
across 指橫穿,穿過. 表示動作從某一物體表面上經過.
through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內通過.
over 表示從某人或某物的上空經過或越過,不與表面接觸.
by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經過.
Can you swim ______ the river ?
The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.
I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .
(13) in front of / in the front of
in the front of 表示在…….內部的前面
in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .
There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.
(14) .其它介詞的用法：
1.at的其它用法.
1).表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.
She is at work now = She is working now .
2)at表示 “價格或速度”
The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .
2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示 “在……方面”
詞組:do well in = be good at
be weak in
2)in 表示 “穿著”后接表顏色的詞或衣服.
詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服
3)in作副詞, “在家” = at home
3.like 的用法:
1).像/和……一樣. 常與系動詞連用.
詞組: look like sound like
2).與what 連用, “是什么樣子, 怎樣”.
What is he like ? He is kind .
4.off的用法:
1).從……下來, 脫離某物體.
詞組: fall off
2). “休假”通常放在時間名詞之后.
詞組: have +時間+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
5.except / besides
1).except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在范圍之內.
注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什么也沒有.
2).besdies除了……之外,還有…… . 包括在范圍之內.
We all went swimming ______ Lucy .
There is _______ a letter in the box .
We study Japanese and French____ English .
6.with / without
1).with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒有
詞組: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to
without one’s help
2).without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth .
He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常與if 引導的否定的條件句.
If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .
7.since / for
注: since / for 用于現在完成時.
1).since :
a).since +時間點
b). 現在完成時+ since +一般過去時
c).since +一段時間+ ago.
2)for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago
8.be made +介詞的區別:
be made of 由…制成 (看得見原材料)
be made from由…制成 (看不見原材料)
be made in +地點 由哪兒生產
be made by sb. 由某人制造
9.表示 “數量的介詞”
about , round around over
1). about , round around表示 “大約……”
2).over 表示 “超過”= more than.
10.inside / outside
Inside 在……里面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面
11.in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“門窗在墻上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在墻上”
12. 不用介詞的情況:
1).當時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時,不用介詞.
What are you going to do tonight ?
2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語.
He went to Wuhan last week .
3).以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞.
He has worked all day .
4).以some ,any, one 等構成的時間狀語前不用介詞
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