新版初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式

　　(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：

　　① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問(wèn)形式是：“wh-疑問(wèn)詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過(guò)去分詞”。

　　② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。

　　③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語(yǔ)前句子作主語(yǔ)。但是通常將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)放在謂語(yǔ)后面,而在主語(yǔ)位置用“it”作形式主語(yǔ)(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語(yǔ)是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)

　　④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語(yǔ)。

　　[A] 及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：

　　如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開(kāi)始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛(ài)在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的?)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開(kāi)時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門

　　[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒(méi)關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過(guò)燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒(méi)打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過(guò)電話)

　　[B] 及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式：

　　如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問(wèn)我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎?)

　　[C] 不定式作賓語(yǔ)而后面又有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用it代替作形式賓語(yǔ),而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)

　　⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語(yǔ),放在名詞或代詞后面。

　　[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：

　　They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)

　　⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語(yǔ),有下列幾種情況：

　　[A] 放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來(lái)看望她)(表示來(lái)的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒)(表示停下來(lái)的目的)

　　[B] 放在完整的謂語(yǔ)之后(即“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”、“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”、“動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開(kāi)窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)

　　[C] 有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語(yǔ)可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)

　　[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來(lái)看看)(不定式作“停下來(lái)”的目的狀語(yǔ))/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開(kāi)始聽(tīng)老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)

　　⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語(yǔ),限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)

　　⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見(jiàn)見(jiàn)我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)聽(tīng)你拉小提琴)

　　[注意] help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見(jiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：

　　I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過(guò)時(shí)聽(tīng)到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)

　　I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽(tīng)她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過(guò)程)

　　(3)動(dòng)名詞

　　① 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語(yǔ),可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾;它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(包括介詞賓語(yǔ))等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。

　　② 動(dòng)名詞可以作主語(yǔ)。一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ)而將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)

　　③ 動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語(yǔ)。

　　[A] want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)

　　[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒(méi)寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過(guò)信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來(lái)向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)

　　[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)

　　[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了)

　　④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語(yǔ),此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來(lái)) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來(lái))

　　⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)) / Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),分別作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語(yǔ)) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))

　　(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))

　　① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思;過(guò)去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。

　　② 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)在句子中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。

　　[A] 作定語(yǔ)：分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷!) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見(jiàn)了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)

　　[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(參考不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

　　如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))

　　[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來(lái)到的口語(yǔ)考試)

　　[D] 過(guò)去分詞可以作表語(yǔ),放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。

　　[E] 過(guò)去分詞可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來(lái)做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)

　　新版初中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：動(dòng)詞用法

　　(1)“Why not+動(dòng)詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡(jiǎn)略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動(dòng)詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試?)

　　(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth. + seem + like +…;③sb/sth + seem + to (do);④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長(zhǎng)叫到名字時(shí)他好象很開(kāi)心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒(méi)有什么人會(huì)做出如此愚蠢的事情來(lái))

　　(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點(diǎn)怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因?yàn)樗噶四敲创蟮腻e(cuò)誤)

　　(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對(duì)不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)

　　(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過(guò)多次她一定會(huì)來(lái)的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對(duì)你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯(cuò)的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會(huì)幫著我做這件事情的)

　　(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn)備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過(guò)一只船)

　　此外還要記住一些固定說(shuō)法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……

　　make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...

　　(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個(gè)動(dòng)作過(guò)程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個(gè)狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請(qǐng)穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)身穿黑衣的女人嗎?)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)

　　[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語(yǔ),而dress常用人作賓語(yǔ)。表示給自己穿衣時(shí)常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎?)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會(huì)穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會(huì)嗎?)

　　(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動(dòng)名詞,love 后面一般跟動(dòng)詞不定式。like后面有時(shí)跟動(dòng)詞不定式,表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)有關(guān))。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂(lè)趣;玩得開(kāi)心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購(gòu)物嗎?)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學(xué)后他總愛(ài)游個(gè)泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛(ài)唱外國(guó)歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會(huì)上你玩得開(kāi)心嗎?)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國(guó)生活)

　　(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過(guò)程;而learn主要表示“學(xué)會(huì)”,指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時(shí)可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程?) / Have you learned it yet?(這個(gè)你學(xué)過(guò)了嗎?)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了?)

　　learn還可以表示“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō)音樂(lè)家本人就在城里)

　　(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語(yǔ)或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認(rèn)為中國(guó)會(huì)在40年后成為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家嗎?)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些?)

　　(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作過(guò)程,后面兩個(gè)表示結(jié)果,look for指“尋找”不見(jiàn)的或丟失的東西,但還沒(méi)有找到;search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”;find指“找到”了東西;find out主要指“查明一個(gè)事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒!你在廚子里面找什么呢?)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎?)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽(tīng)到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰(shuí)把窗子打破了)

　　[注解] find的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺(jué)某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語(yǔ)從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個(gè)聰明的女孩)(名詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對(duì)你的身體是不利的)

　　(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個(gè)詞與聽(tīng)覺(jué)有關(guān),listen to指“聽(tīng)”這一過(guò)程,hear指“聽(tīng)到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽(tīng)我說(shuō)嗎?是的,你的話我全聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了)

　　(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個(gè)詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過(guò)程;see指“看見(jiàn)”這一結(jié)果,有時(shí)see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時(shí)后面加“電影”等詞;watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞;read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報(bào)紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請(qǐng)看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎?)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會(huì)感覺(jué)好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識(shí))

　　(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”,后面跟人,指對(duì)某人有耳聞但沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)面;hear from“收到……的來(lái)信”,后面加人;learn“聽(tīng)說(shuō)、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽(tīng)說(shuō)格林先生今晚要來(lái)看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那個(gè)去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山的人?)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信?)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō)音樂(lè)家本人就在城里)

　　(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個(gè)詞與“說(shuō)”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說(shuō)”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)要加介詞to,speak作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面跟語(yǔ)言名稱;talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時(shí)后面跟介詞about等;say 是及物動(dòng)詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說(shuō)的內(nèi)容;tell是及物動(dòng)詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語(yǔ)等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語(yǔ)嗎?)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰(shuí)在會(huì)上發(fā)了言?)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長(zhǎng)講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)出它嗎?)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請(qǐng)跟我講講那個(gè)奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)

　　(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會(huì)”等意思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過(guò)去式could兩種形式;be able to表示能力上“會(huì)”,有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式,to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形,有時(shí)可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)嗎?)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時(shí)不會(huì)游泳)

　　(17)there be、have的用法：兩個(gè)詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語(yǔ)必須是人或者物;there be表示“存在”的概念,主語(yǔ)在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟?我只有一個(gè)兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少?gòu)堊酪?一張也沒(méi)有。)

　　[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個(gè)滯后或遲于there be的動(dòng)作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.

　　(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個(gè)詞,borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動(dòng)作,不可以和表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;keep“保存”用來(lái)表示借一段時(shí)間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來(lái)的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了?兩個(gè)多月了!)

　　(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來(lái)”;take指從面前“拿走”;carry指一般的搬運(yùn),不涉及方向;send主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

　　(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個(gè)詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式或者賓語(yǔ)從句,不可以跟動(dòng)名詞或作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式;wish表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語(yǔ)從句(用過(guò)去時(shí))或者作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們?nèi)枷ＭM快見(jiàn)到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事實(shí)上天正在下雨)

　　(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：

　　spend的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢或時(shí)間,句型：sb.+(spend)+時(shí)間/金錢+on sth / (in) doing sth. ;

　　take的主語(yǔ)通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+時(shí)間+to do… 。(如果是動(dòng)作則常用it作形式主語(yǔ)將動(dòng)詞不定式后移);

　　cost的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+時(shí)間/金錢/力氣. ;

　　pay的賓語(yǔ)通常是金錢,句型：sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物.

　　如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個(gè)晚上看那本小說(shuō))/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時(shí)間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢?)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)

　　(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開(kāi)始、出發(fā)、啟動(dòng)”,反義詞是stop;某事停止后再重新開(kāi)始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的?)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開(kāi)始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒(méi)法啟動(dòng)他的汽車)

　　(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)后面加介詞at,到達(dá)一個(gè)大的地方(國(guó)家、城市)時(shí)后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等;get表示“到達(dá)”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及地點(diǎn)(無(wú)論大小)時(shí)后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等;reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個(gè)星期天他抵達(dá)舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達(dá)那里的?)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動(dòng)前5分鐘到達(dá)車站)

　　(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料,口語(yǔ)中都可以換成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達(dá)被制造的地點(diǎn),be made by表達(dá)制造的人,be made for表達(dá)被制造的目的。如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (這種紙是由竹子生產(chǎn)的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (許多紙被折疊成了小鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities. (計(jì)算機(jī)是在這幾個(gè)城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (這個(gè)風(fēng)箏是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)

　　(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別：be used for + 名詞/代詞或動(dòng)名詞, be used to + 動(dòng)詞原形,表示兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 動(dòng)詞原形,表示“過(guò)去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”;get/be used to + 動(dòng)名詞,表示“習(xí)慣于….”。如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來(lái)割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來(lái)割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學(xué)時(shí)常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)

　　(26)beat,win與lose： beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競(jìng)賽”等。如：Who won at last? (最后誰(shuí)贏了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)

　　而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)

　　(27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別：plant著重講“栽、種植”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個(gè)人或者動(dòng)物。如 ：He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時(shí)間)

　　(28)fall 、drop的區(qū)別：fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動(dòng)詞;也可以作連系動(dòng)詞,意思是“變得,進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動(dòng)詞;或讓物體落向低處,及物動(dòng)詞。如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個(gè)人從拖拉機(jī)上摔下來(lái)跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系動(dòng)詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺(jué)得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)

　　(29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別：join多指參加組織、團(tuán)體、黨派等,后面跟人時(shí)表示和某人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng);join in指參加某項(xiàng)游戲或活動(dòng);take part in多指參加群眾性的活動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、會(huì)議等。如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬(wàn)參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì)40年代他積極參加學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng))

　　(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別：beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊;(心臟的)跳動(dòng)”;hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”;strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個(gè)人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動(dòng)) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過(guò)他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進(jìn)房間劃著了一根火柴)

　　(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別：carry on表示“進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)”;carry out表示“進(jìn)行、貫徹、實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：I will carry on the work. (我會(huì)繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對(duì)于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問(wèn)題)

　　(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別：be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對(duì)某個(gè)不可能發(fā)生卻實(shí)際發(fā)生了的事情感到極其的訝異;be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對(duì)突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時(shí)被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽(tīng)到房間里傳出一個(gè)很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)

　　(33)warn的用法：“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對(duì)…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說(shuō)……”。如：They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你還這么懶在即將來(lái)到的考試中你會(huì)不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

　　(34)think of與think about等短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等;“think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”;“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評(píng)價(jià)…”;“think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”;“think out”表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長(zhǎng)高度地評(píng)價(jià)了這個(gè)男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們?cè)诳紤]去法國(guó)度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / -What do you think about his composition? -Very good! (他的作文你覺(jué)得怎么樣? 很好。)

　　(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語(yǔ)用法：“agree to+動(dòng)詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./觀點(diǎn)”表示“贊同…的觀點(diǎn)”/ agree about表示“對(duì)…話題有相同看法”/“agree to +建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on + 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。

　　(36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如：They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表?yè)P(yáng))

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